G&A     ZlUiKO 


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Press  Bulletin   Series 


Issued  Twice  Quarterly 


STATE  OF  ILLINOIS 
DEPARTMENT  OF  REGISTRATION  AND  EDUCATION 

A.   M.  SHELTON,  Director 

DIVISION  OF  THE 
STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 

M.   M.  LEIGHTON.  Chef.    Urbana 


No.  3  ILLINOIS  PETROLEUM 


July  24,  1926 


CONTENTS 

The  bearing  of  the  structural  relations  between  the  Pennsylvanian  and  older' 

formations  on  petroleum  prospecting  in  western  Illinois 1 

Oil  prospects  in  central  Pike  County 

Current  oil  field  operations  in  Illinois 1() 

THE  BEARING  OF  THE  STRUCTURAL  RELATIONS  BETWEEN 

THE    PENNSYLVANIAN    AND    OLDER    FORMATIONS    ON 

PETROLEUM    PROSPECTING    IN    WESTERN    ILLINOIS 

By  Gail  F.  Moulton 
Introduction 

Petroleum  prospecting  in  western  Illinois  on  the  basis  of  structure 
determined  from  coal  bed  data  has  been  moderately  successful  and  according 
to  a  previous  report1  about  fifty  per  cent  of  the  favorable  structures  in  west- 
ern Illinois  which  have  been  completely  tested  have  yielded  important 
amounts  of  oil  or  gas.  In  view  of  the  fact  that  other  known  structures  re- 
main untested  and  that  still  other  structures  are  yet  to  be  discovered,  certain 
structural  relations  which  have  been  observed  in  a  few  cases  will  be  consid- 
ered with  a  view  to  furthering  petroleum  prospecting. 

The  general  structural  relations  of  the  Pennsylvanian  and  pre-Pennsyl- 
vanian  beds  are  comparatively  simple.  In  western  Illinois  the  whole  series 
of  consolidated  rocks  has  a  general  eastward  dip  toward  the  central  part  of 
the  Illinois  Coal  Basin.  The  older  formations  have  a  slightly  greater  dip 
than  the  Pennsylvanian  formations.  Accordingly,  unless  the  effect  of  fold- 
ing increases  in  the  lower  beds,  a  more  pronounced  structure  in  the  Pennsyl- 
vanian series  would  be  required  to  determine  favorable  conditions  for  the 
accumulation  of  petroleum  in  the  older  rocks  than  would  be  necessary  to 
determine  a  favorable  structure  in  the  Pennsylvanian  itself. 

VoLlTv^T-L^.   °n   Pr0dUCti0"   *    nHn0iS:    Illin°iS   State   A^   **■   Trans., 

U-UNOIS   GEOLOGICAL 
SURVEY  LIBRARY       cf 

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ILLINOIS  STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


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4  ILLINOIS  PETROLEUM 

Detailed  work  in  several  areas  of  western  Illinois  has  established  the 
fact  that  rock  folding  took  place  in  the  Illinois  area  during  the  time  immed- 
iately preceding  the  deposition  of  the  Pennsylvania!!  series.  Accordingly, 
all  of  the  rock  formations  older  than  the  Pennsylvanian  were  affected  by 
the  disturbance.  The  structure  of  the  Pennsylvanian  rocks  has  been  greatly 
influenced  by  one  or  more  periods  of  folding  since  Pennsylvanian  times. 
This  later  folding  has  also  modified  the  structure  of  the  rocks  underlying 
the  Pennsylvanian. 

In  attempting  to  interpret  the  structural  conditions  of  the  pre-Pennsyl- 
vanian  formations  from  structural  data  on  the  Pennsylvanian  for  use  in 
petroleum  investigations,  two  important  questions  arise.  These  are : 
(1)  Was  the  post-Pennsylvanian  folding  localized  along  axes  determined 
during  pre- Pennsylvanian  movements?  (2)  What  type  of  structure  of  the 
Pennsylvanian  deserves  the  most  favorable  consideration  for  oil  prospect- 
ing? It  is  believed  that  the  data  herein  considered  have  a  pertinent  bearing 
on  both  of  these  questions. 

Detailed  Structural  Relations 

For  the  purpose  of  this  paper  the  detailed  structural  conditions  which 
have  been  determined  for  each  of  three  areas  will  be  described  in  order  to 
contrast  the  structure  of  the  Pennsylvanian  rocks  with  that  of  those  under- 
lying older  strata  in  which  oil  and  gas  are  most  commonly  found.  These 
areas  are  indicated  on  a  general  map  of  the  State  (fig.  1).  Since  they  are 
scattered  over  a  considerable  portion  of  western  Illinois,  the  data  may  be 
considered  as  representative  of  general  conditions. 

The  cross  sections  made  for  this  investigation  are  all  drawn  to  scale, 
but  the  vertical  scale  is  larger  than  the  horizontal  scale.  Accordingly  there- 
is  a  vertical  exaggeration  which  makes  all  of  the  dips  appear  steeper  than 
they  really  are.  At  the  same  time  the  dips  shown  in  the  different  beds  in 
each  structure  section  are  comparable  and  the  true  relations  of  the  amount 
of  dip  are  indicated. 

The  sections  across  area  A  in  southern  McDonough  County  (fig.  2) 
are  taken  across  the  structure  on  which  the  Colmar  oil  pool  is  located.  The 
sections  show  the  structure  of  the  Colchester  coal  and  the  Hoing  sand  (at 
the  base  of  the  Silurian  lime)  along  an  east-west  and  a  north-south  line. 
The  section  along  the  north-south  line  shows  considerably  different  relations, 
for  here  the  dips  in  the  oil  bearing  horizon  are  much  steeper  than  in  the 
coal  bed. 

The  structural  relations  of  the  Pennsylvanian  and  pre-Pennsylvanian  as 
indicated  by  the  sections  across  area  B  (fig.  3)  are  similar,  for  here,  too, 
the  structure  of  the  Chester  formation  (oil  sand)  along  an  east-west  line  is 
similar  to  that  of  the  Pennsylvanian  coal  bed  above,  but  along  the  north- 


BEARING  OF  CERTAIN  STIU  (TlIiAI.  RELATIONS  ON  OIL  PROSPECTING  5 

south  line  the  fold  indicated  by  the  lower  beds  is  more  pronounced  than  that 
in  the  coal. 

The  data  available  permitted  the  construction  of  only  the  section  along 
a  north-south  line  across  area  C  in  Bond  County  (fig.  4).     The  beds  which 


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show  the  structure  are  the  Herrin  coal  and  the  gas  sand  of  Chester  age.  In 
this  case  the  folding  of  the  Chester  is  notably  more  pronounced  than  that  of 
the  coal.  This  feature  is  common  to  each  of  the  other  sections  along  north- 
jouth  lines. 


ILLINOIS  PETROLEUM 


A  review  of  the  data  shows  that  in  general  the  structure  of  the  Penn- 
sylvanian  along  east-west  lines  is  closely  parallel  to  the  structure  of  the 
Chester,  but  that  it  is  much  gentler  than  the  Chester  along  north-south 
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The  uniformity  of  these  relations  in  the  areas  examined  stronglv  sug- 
gests that  there  was  folding  in  western  Illinois  in  post-Chester-pre-Pennsyl- 
vanian  time  which  resulted  from  compressional  forces  acting  along  a  north- 
south  line.     It  appears  that  these  folds  in  the  underlying  rocks  were  modi- 


Oil.    PKOSPBCTS    IN    CENTRAL   PIKE   COUNTY  7 

fied  by  folding  due  to  compression  along  an  east-west  line  after  the  Penn- 
sylvanian  deposition  and  that  they  caused  slight  localized  uplifts  in  the  Penn- 
sylvanian  in  some  places. 

The  important  conclusions  from  the  point  of  view  of  the  oil  prospector 
are  that  in  areas  where  Pennsylvanian  structure  can  be  determined,  the  fold- 
ing of  the  underlying  rocks  may  be  expected  to  be  somewhat  similar  except 
that  folds  along  east-west  axes  should  be  much  more  pronounced.  For 
locating  structures  in  Pennsylvanian  beds  favorable  for  petroleum  prospect- 
ing, first  consideration  should  be  given  to  those  with  an  east-west  axis  which 
appear  to  have  a  reverse  dip  along  this  axis.  Such  structures  are  probably 
competent  to  cause  the  accumulation  of  oil  and  gas. 

OIL  PROSPECTS  IN  CENTRAL  PIKE  COUNTY 

By  Alfred   H.  Bell 

Introduction 

Along  with  the  active  search  for  prospective  oil  territory  remote  from 
developed  fields  there  may  be  a  tendency  to  overlook  possibilities  still  exist- 
ing in  areas  which  have  been  exploited  in  the  past  and  which,  from  a  super- 
ficial view,  appear  to  be  exhausted.  The  Pittsfield-Hadley  anticline  in  cen- 
tral Pike  County  was  at  one  time  the  scene  of  an  extensive  drilling  program 
but  in  recent  years  this  territory  has  been  inactive.  Certain  considerations 
set  forth  below  seem  to  warrant  further  drilling  in  this  area. 

Structure 

The  Pittsfield-Hadley  anticline  has  been  described  by  H.  N.  Coryell.1 
Its  general  relation  to  the  surrounding  structure  is  shown  on  a  structure 
map  prepared  by  Frank  Krey.2  A  line  of  folding  extends  northwest-south- 
east across  parts  of  Lewis  County,  Missouri,  and  Adams  and  Pike  counties, 
Illinois.  In  Pike  County  it  bends  to  the  east  and  culminates  in  a  dome  cen- 
tering in  sec.  21,  T.  5  S.,  R.  4  W.,  4  miles  west  and  one  mile  north  of  Pitts- 
field.  Between  Pittsfield  and  Fladley  a  series  of  small  domes  are  arranged 
along  a  fairly  well  defined  axis  and  some  others  lie  to  the  south  of  the  axis. 
(See  fig.  5.) 

Development 

Gas  was  discovered  in  Pike  County  in  188G  in  sec.  1,  T.  5  S..  R.  5  W. 
By  the  close  of  11)1 2,  100  wells  had  been  drilled,  39  of  which  were  productive 


'Coryell,  H.  X.,  Parts  of  Pike  and  Adams  counties:  Illinois  State  Geol,  Survey 
Bull.   40,  pp.  69-95,   1919. 

2  Krey,  Frank,  Structural  reconnaissance  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  area  from  Old 
Monroe,  -Missouri,  to  Xauvoo,  Illinois:  Illinois  State  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  45,  Plate  I, 
1924. 


8  ILLINOIS  PETROLEUM 

in  1918.  At  that  time  only  those  wells  enclosed  by  a  590-foot  contour 
(fig.  5)  had  sufficient  gas  supply  for  all  seasons  of  the  year.  Between  the 
590-foot  and  the  500-foot  contours  the  supply  of  gas  was  sufficient  only  for 
cooking  and  lighting.  Coryell  concluded  in  1918  "the  field  has  been  thor- 
oughly exploited.  The  productive  area  is  bounded  on  all  sides  by  dry  wells 
and  it  is  decreasing  in  size  from  year  to  year  by  failure  of  some  of  the  wells 
that  are  near  the  margin."3 

Producing  Horizons 

the  gas  rock 

"The  porous  stratum  forming  the  reservoir  for  the  gas  is  a  yellowish- 
brown  dolomite,  probably  belonging  to  the  Niagaran."4 

THE  HOING  SAND 

This  sand  is  the  producing  horizon  in  the  Colmar  field,5  45  miles  to  the 
north  of  the  area  under  consideration.  Its  stratigraphic  position  is  beneath 
the  "second  lime"  and  at  the  base  of  the  Niagaran  formation.  Its  areal  dis- 
tribution is  spotty  and  it  is  absent  over  considerable  areas.  One  well  in  the 
Pittsfield-Hadley  gas  field  located  in  SW.  J4  SE.  l/A  sec.  21,  T.  5  S.,  R.  4 
W.,  had  3  feet  of  Hoing  sand.  About  12  miles  to  the  north  a  well  in  the 
NE.  YA  NW.  VA  sec.  8,  T.  3  S.,  R.  4  W.,  had  18  feet  of  broken  Hoing  sand. 

Future  prospects 

The  Pittsfield-Hadley  anticline  has  been  thoroughly  tested  with  respect 
to  the  Niagaran  gas  rock.  The  presence  of  the  Hoing  sand  in  the  well  in 
sec.  21,  T.  5  S.,  R.  4  W.,  suggests  the  possibility  that  lens-like  sand  bodies 
may  be  found  elsewhere  on  the  flanks  of  the  domes  in  this  vicinity.  With 
the  favorable  structural  conditions  that  obtain  here  it  seems  probable  that 
oil  accumulation  may  have  taken  place  provided  that  there  is  an  impervious 
stratum  between  the  Hoing  sand  and  the  gas  rock.  Sufficient  data  are  not 
at  hand  to  decide  this  important  point.  For  that  reason  the  area  appears  to 
merit  further  testing  with  the  drill.  Successful  drill  tests  in  this  area  would 
suggest  the  practicability  of  similar  tests  in  other  areas,  where  analogous 
conditions  are  known  to  exist. 

One  of  the  most  favorable  locations  for  a  test  is  intermediate  between 
the  summit  of  the  structure  in  the  NE.  ]/A  sec.  21,  T.  5  S.,  R.  4  \Y.,  and  the 
well  in  the  SW.  l/A  SW.  V\  of  the  same  section  where  Hoing  sand  was  found. 


3  Coryell,   H.   N.,  op.   cit.,   p.   83. 

4  Idem,  p.   83. 

5  Morse,  Wm.  C,  and  Kay,  F.  H.,  Area  south  of  the  Colmar  oil  field:   Illinois  State 
Geol.  Survey  Bull.  31,  pp.  8-56,  1915. 


OIL  PROSPECTS    IN    CENTRAL   PIKE   COUNTY 


R.4W. 


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Fig.  5.    Map  showing  the  structure  of  central  and  northern  Pike 

County 


10  ILLINOIS  PETROLEUM 

Other  locations  on  the  flanks  of  the  domes  such  as  near  the  center  of  sec.  19 
and  near  the  center  of  sec.  17,  T.  5  S.,  R.  4  W.,  have  similar  possibilities. 

Since  Hoing  sand  was  found  in  the  well  in  sec.  8,  T.  3  S.,  R.  4  W.,  it  is 
considered  that  some  of  the  surrounding  area  has  prospects  for  production. 
The  structural  conditions  here  are  less  favorable  than  in  the  area  of  the 
Pittsfield-Hadley  anticline.  The  dips,  which  are  comparatively  gentle,  are 
from  10  to  20  feet  per  mile.  The  most  favorable  locations  for  future  tests 
will  be  at  positions  higher  on  the  structure  than  the  old  well, — possibly  to 
the  west  of  it  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile,  and  also  \y2  miles  south  of  it  in  the 
S.  y2  sec.  IT,  T.  3  S..  R.  4  W. 

In  making  future  tests  it  would  be  advisable  to  take  samples  frequently 
from  the  top  of  the  Niagaran  "cap  rock"  to  the  top  of  the  Maquoketa  shale 
which  underlies  the  gas  rock  and  the  Hoing  sand.  The  study  of  such  sam- 
ples is  of  great  importance  in  estimating  the  advisability  of  further  tests, 
even  though  the  well  in  question  should  not  be  a  producer. 

CURRENT  OIL  FIELD  OPERATIONS  IN  ILLINOIS 

By  Gail  F.  Moulton 

Good  completions  during  the  past  month  have  helped  to  maintain  inter- 
est in  oil  development  in  the  eastern  fields,  and  a  high  proportion  of  dry 
holes  has  served  to  diminish  interest  in  prospecting  in  western  Illinois.  Clark 
and  Wabash  counties  continue  to  lead  the  State  in  the  amount  of  new  work 
and  the  size  of  the  wells  completed. 

The  following  table  summarizes  oil  field  operations  which  have  been  re- 
ported to  the  Survey. 


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